In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied TRAITS except the harvest index. Also, all studied TRAITS were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield AND yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all TRAITS, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied TRAITS showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological TRAITS in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on rANDomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) AND sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) AND seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods AND Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield AND its components AND potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content AND remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan AND Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates AND number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration AND K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods AND Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the TRAITS that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

In order to identify the correlations AND relationships between different TRAITS in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely rANDomized design in greenhouse AND the rANDomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation AND post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal AND moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological TRAITS AND the yield components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density AND length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity AND 50% of flowering were among the important AND effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative AND qualitative TRAITS of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely rANDomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) AND 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot AND fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost AND no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) AND total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition AND the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) AND moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate AND neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) AND application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

Recognition AND understANDing the genetic control of TRAITS, combining ability AND genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications. The measured TRAITS were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% AND 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number AND length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length AND width, chlorophyll a, b AND total chlorophyll, biological ANDeconomic yields, harvest index, oil AND protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes AND diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all TRAITS AND dominant variance of all TRAITS except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best AND Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 AND Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most TRAITS. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield AND number of branches, respectively AND narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches AND harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

According to information extracted from Iran's soil resources AND talent map, about 44. 5 million hectares of Iran's area are salty lANDs. Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that increases plant tolerance to environmental tensions AND improves plant metabolic activity. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of salinity tension on lANDs without drainage system AND the role of salicylic acid in modifying its effects. This experiment was carried out as combination analysis in a rANDomized complete block design with three replication in the crop year of 2016-17 in agricultural lANDs of Shadegan city. Understudied treatments consisted of wheat under cultivation with two types of environments: 1-cultivation on normal lANDs (with drainage system) (first experiment) 2-cultivation in salty lANDs (without drainage system) (second experiment), AND the second factor was the six method for the use of salicylic acid included non-use of salicylic acid (control), seed inoculation with salicylic acid, foliar application at the beginning of tillering, seed inoculation with salicylic acid in addition to foliar application at the beginning of tillering, foliar application at the end of tillering AND seed inoculation with salicylic acid in addition to foliar application at the end of tillering. The results showed that the effect of cultivated lAND type on plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate AND net assimilation rate were significant at one percent probability level. The effect of salicylic acid on all measured TRAITS was significant at one percent probability level. The interaction between environment AND the method of salicylic acid application in terms of growth rate was significant at five percent probability level AND was not significant for other TRAITS. The maximum AND the minimum amount of the investigated TRAITS were observed in normal AND salty lANDs, respectively, AND among the various methods of using salicylic acid, the highest AND lowest amount of TRAITS was obtained in seedlings inoculation method with salicylic acid, in addition to foliar application at the beginning of tillering AND without the use of salicylic acid (control).

To improve garlic breeding, it is important to determine the MORPHOLOGICAL differences between garlic genotypes of local origin. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic diversity of Turkish softneck garlic (Allium sativum L. sub. var. sativum) genotypes using MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS determined based on International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) descriptors. Twenty-six garlic genotypes were characterized using 15 quantitative MORPHOLOGICAL characteristics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the first four principal components explained 84.58% of the total variation among the 26 garlic genotypes. The characters with the greatest contribution to variability were identified as Plant Height (PH), Pseudostem Diameter (PSD), Leaf Length (LL), Leaf Width (LW), Bulb Weight (BW), Yield (Y), Bulb Height (BH), Bulb Diameter (BD), Clove Height (CH), Bulb Height/Bulb Diameter ratio (BH/BD), Vumber of Cloves (NC), Clove Weight (CW), Clove Width (CWi), AND Clove Thickness (CT). Significant differences were observed in the quantitative TRAITS of garlic genotypes. As a result of the study, AS14 stood out for its clove weight, length, width, AND thickness, while AS13 had the highest bulb weight AND yield. The present findings could be reliably used in the development of new garlic varieties.

The cyclamen (Myrsinascea) as the flowers growing in some temperate regions, are of high ecological AND botanical importance AND endangered as well. Therefore, to provide an opportunity to identify AND protect its species, Iranian native cyclamen was studied. Plants were collected (in winter AND spring) from three northern provinces of Iran, i. e., Guilan, MazANDaran, AND Golestan, AND their MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS (14 quantitative AND 10 qualitative TRAITS) were assessed. Based on the analysis of variance, there were significant differences in some recorded TRAITS, e. g., leaf number, flower number, flower color, AND flower AND leaf shape, which would allow selecting plants with more optimal TRAITS. The cluster analysis divided the plants into three groups. Accordingly, the plants collected from the Shadan region in Golestan province AND those collected from the Sinava AND Shahsheshmeh regions in Chalus County, MazANDaran province differed from the plants collected from the other regions. The plants were collected from the Abpari AND Lavij regions in Nur County, the PasAND region in Behshahr County, the Qarnabad region in Gorgan County, AND the Deylaman region in Siahkal County were placed in the same group due to their similar morphology although they had been collected from three different provinces. The first group included the cyclamens of the Qarnabad region in Gorgan County, the Lavij region in Nur County, the Deylaman region in Siahkal County, the PasAND region in Behshahr County, AND the Abpari region in Nur County. These plants had lowly toothed leaf margins, long petals, AND few seeds. The second group included the cyclamens of the Shadan region in Kordkuy County. These plants had longer AND heavier hypocotyls, larger AND wider leaves, AND smaller flowers. They showed the highest number of seeds, hypocotyl diameter, length, AND weight, flower number, leaf length AND width, leaf area, petiole AND peduncle length, AND peduncle diameter. The third group included the cyclamens of the Sinava AND Shahsheshmeh regions in Chalus County. They had the highest petal width but the lowest peduncle diameter, leaf length, width, AND area, flower AND leaf number, AND hypocotyl weight, length, AND diameter. The cyclamens native to Iran are highly diverse in MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND they need to be further investigated by cytogenetic, phytochemical, AND molecular methods.

Indicators for predicting the quality AND vigor of fruit tree seedlings can be worthwhile if they are conveniently AND visually assessable in various climatic regions. Since allometric relationships exist between plum seedling vigor index AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS, this study evaluated MORPHOLOGICAL features in plum seedlings while determining their quality AND vigor. The samples were of major commercial varieties from several regions of Iran, AND the assessments followed path analysis AND multiple linear regression. Plum seedlings of 8 commercial cultivars were harvested in three replicates from 11 nurseries in four provinces. MORPHOLOGICAL indicators included seedling height, diameter above the graft line (DAGL) AND at root-collar (RCD), root length, number of roots AND branches, seedling vigor, dry weights of aerial parts AND roots (ADW AND RDW, respectively), AND ratio of height to DAGL AND seedling height to ADW. Simple correlations among these variables appeared diverse, AND the correlation coefficients broke down into direct AND indirect effects through path analysis, with vigor as the dependent variable. This variable increased with some of its components, including DAGL AND dry weight. However, the ratio of height to DAGL decreased when the accumulated growing degree-days (AGDD) increased from 2700 to about 4500 °C per day in the various regions. Average vigor values of certified AND uncertified seedlings were 11.7 AND 19.2, respectively. Among the visually assessable TRAITS in the nursery, DAGL showed a higher correlation with the vigor variable AND other MORPHOLOGICAL features, thus making it the most important index for plum seedling evaluation.